Online Consumer Engagement Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Online Consumer Engagement - Essay Example Customer engagement is one such strategy that can significantly improve customer satisfaction. As the name suggests customer engagement is the commitment of the customer with the company or the product. As Mc Ewen suggests, "if you don't make a connection with your customers then satisfaction is worthless" (Mc Ewen, Fleming, 2003). Regardless of how high a company's customer satisfaction level may be, if their customers are not able emotionally connect with the company or their products to high levels of customer satisfaction of no use. Internet today is playing a very crucial role in affecting consumer behavior. Most companies have identified that starting B2B and B2C. channels over the Internet not only reduces costs in terms of paperwork, front desk time, personnel time etc., it also gives the customers the freedom to view previous products at the comfort of their homes get reviews about the products talk about it online to other customers and then make a well-informed decision. O nline Publishers Association presented their finding that the Internet is the most dominant source for initial awareness, further learning, deciding where to buy and purchases when compared to any other media (Online Publishers Association, 2007). Thus, today customer engagement is essential not only in the physical store but also over the Internet. This is referred to as online customer engagement. The following sections aim at identifying the various nuances associated with online customer engagement. Online Consumer Behavior What drives customers from one website to another What makes the customers stay longer on a particular website when compared to others What influences the customers to buy the same product on one website when compared to another Please, and many other such relevant questions can be answered by understanding consumer behavior on the Internet. Brynjolfsson and Smith called Internet as "the great equalizer" because the technology capabilities of the Internet medium reduce buyer search and switching costs and eliminate spacial competitive advantages that retailers would enjoy the physical marketplace (Brynjolfsson and Smith, 2000). In 1999, a research carried out by International Data Corporation and RelevantKnowledge showed that users are not loyal to one web portal. At that time, it did show that Yahoo had a higher loyalty rate than others; however, no other portal had a substantial loyalty rate (Spring, 1999). Spring analyzed that the reason for this lack of loyalty at that time was d ue to the fact that not every portal realized the importance of building "closer and tighter relationships with consumers". Several researchers over time have analyzed the various factors that affect Online Consumer Behavior. An inclusive, but by no means exhaustive list is presented below. Usability: The definition of usability as stated by ISO is "a set of attributes of software which bear on the effort needed for use and on the individual assessment of such use ..." (ISO, 1991b). With respect to e commerce, it is the set of characteristics of the website that make online engagement of the consumer a good experience.

Comparison of the systems Essay Example for Free

Comparison of the systems Essay In this assignment you describe and compare the circulatory, skeletal, and respiratory systems of sharks, iguanas, eagles, and humans. Answer each of the following questions in 25 to 50 words. Circulatory System Shark How would you describe the structure and function of this animal’s circulatory system? Include any unique characteristics. The shark’s heart which is a major component in its circulatory system is shaped like an S and is located in the head region. The sharks hear has 2 chambers and atrium and a ventricle. Blood is pumped by the heart through the afferent brachial arteries to capillaries in the gills where the blood is oxygenated. How does this animal’s circulatory system work? The circulatory system centers around the heart where blood is pumped through arteries then through tissues of the body to distribute nutrients throughout the body and back to the heart. Iguana How would you describe the structure and function of this animal’s circulatory system? Include any unique characteristics. The Iguana has a unique situation when it comes to the circulatory system because the Iguana has a 3 chamber heart. Two of the chambers of the Iguanas heart are atria and one is ventricle. The ventricle has the job of keeping oxygenated blood from being mixed in with de-oxygenated blood. How does this animal’s circulatory system work?Since the Iguana has a 3  chambered heart it would not be uncommon for the Iguana to have a circulatory system that is double. Because the Iguana has a double circulatory system this causes blood to have to pass through the heart twice. Blood first flows from the heart of the Iguana to the lungs and then back to the heart where it is then distributed throughout the Iguanas body using tissues, after the blood leaves tissues it flows back to the heart. Eagle How would you describe the structure and function of this animal’s circulatory system? Include any unique characteristics. How does this animal’s circulatory system work? Human How would you describe the structure and function of this animal’s circulatory system? Include any unique characteristics. The human circulatory system is like a recycling system. The heart is a main part of the circulatory system. The heart pumps to help blood move throughout vessels in the body. Blood vessels which include arteries carry blood from the heart to tissues in the body to keep them alive. Veins carry blood back to the heart from the tissues and capillaries which are tiny veins that connect the arteries and veins. The primary role of blood in the circulatory system is to transport substances to and from all parts of the body How does this animal’s circulatory system work? As blood moves throughout the circulatory system it is acting as a transporter picking up and dropping off substances as it flows. Oxygen is picked up from the lungs and nutrients from the food digested is picked up from the intestines and is delivered to the heart where it is sorted and redistributed to the body getting rid of things the body doesn’t need in the process. What is similar in all of these circulatory systems? What is different in all of these circulatory systems? Respiratory System Shark How would you describe the structure and function of this animal’s respiratory system? Include any unique characteristics. Sharks can respire by pumping water over its gills. When the shark open and closes its mouth water enters into the mouth then the gill chambers. Water then exits through gill slits, while in the gills blood filiments absorbs oxygen from the incoming water. How does this animal’s respiratory system work? A sharks respiratory system has no blood vessels and receive its oxygen directly from surrounding tissues and fluids Iguana How would you describe the structure and function of this animal’s respiratory system? Include any unique characteristics. How does this animal’s respiratory system work? Eagle How would you describe the structure and function of this animal’s respiratory system? Include any unique characteristics. How does this animal’s respiratory system work? Human How would you describe the structure and function of this animal’s respiratory system? Include any unique characteristics. The respiratory  system of humans is quite complex as air enters into the human body it comes into contact with the diaphragm and other muscles of the thorax known as the chest that acts as an air pump. When the air enters the lungs which constitute as the exchange surface taking from the air what the body needs and getting rid of what it does not. After the air has entered the lungs and needed CO2 and O2 is extracted air then leaves through airways like the nose, mouth trachea and bronchi. How does this animal’s respiratory system work? The human respiratory system takes the air that enters in to the human body and extract needed oxygen from the air and distributes it throughout the body. The human respiratory system also acts as a protector from unsafe particles that may be taken in. The human respiratory system will get rid of all bad or unneeded air. What is similar in all of these respiratory systems? What is different in all of these respiratory systems? Skeletal System Shark How would you describe the structure and function of this animal’s skeletal system? Include any unique characteristics. Sharks belong to a special group of fish called Elasmobranchs which are fish with no bones. A shark’s skeleton is completely made up of cartilage. Some parts of the shark’s skeleton like the vertebrae are calcified. How does this animal’s skeletal system work? The shark’s cartilage does not contain any blood vessels so it receives its oxygen directly from surrounding tissue and fluids. If a shark does not constantly move it will sink, which is where it cartilage skeleton comes in handy giving the shark the ability to float. A complete cartilage skeleton allows the shark to be very quick and agile. Iguana How would you describe the structure and function of this animal’s skeletal system? Include any unique characteristics. How does this animal’s skeletal system work? Eagle How would you describe the structure and function of this animal’s skeletal system? Include any unique characteristics. How does this animal’s skeletal system work? Human How would you describe the structure and function of this animal’s skeletal system? Include any unique characteristics. The human skeleton is made up of mostly rigid brittle bone. The human skeleton is mostly cartilage as babies but changes to bone as humans get older. Cartilage is a firm but flexible material and it is hard but not brittle. The human skeleton needs a combination of rigidity and flexibility and must provide a strong foundation for skeletal muscles. Cartilage is in places where firmness and flexibility are needed such as connections between individual bones. How does this animal’s skeletal system work? Human skeletal system works by the use of contracting muscles. When muscles generate force by contracting or shortening to move the human skeleton the system is at work. Skeletal muscles are attached to the bones by means of tendons which are tough bands. Muscles are a pulling not a pushing force to create movement. What is similar in all of these skeletal systems? What is different in all of these skeletal systems?

Microsoft :: essays research papers

Abstract: The following research is designed to provide the reader with an understanding as to how Microsoft and Sony have developed as a company throughout the years. The research will show the combined efforts of two large companies and there mark into the gaming industry. Microsoft and Sony’s environment, company, and leadership styles are what have kept the company on the leading edge of technology. However, where do the companies begin to mark their niche into the market will be interesting to see with the difference in the two companies and their corporate ideas. The research will also focus more on the market issues, design issues, and economic impacts of the corporate wars going on. Thus, the research will provide the user with a better understanding of Microsoft and Sony’s position for market control of the gaming industry. Introduction: Microsoft is arguably the most influential IT company ever, controlling standards in both the corporate and domestic computer marketplace. With their share of the desktop PC software market and a substantial proportion of the server business, Microsoft is now dictating many of the standards on which today's information systems are built, and has achieved an unprecedented level of recognition among business management. Microsoft is following a long-term strategy to dominate four interconnected core markets (the enterprise, the Internet, electronic commerce, and information appliances), and looks set to exert a major influence on every aspect of IT over the next few years. How large enterprises react to these developments will affect their business strategy into the next millennium. Despite the rapid acceptance of Microsoft technology within the enterprise, there are real concerns about the direction the company will take in the future. The company clearly faces stiff competition on several fronts within the business-critical environment. In addition, legal issues and software delays, together with the technical shortcomings of some of Microsoft's key offerings, have raised doubts about the company's long-term success. Sony the Japanese consumer electronics giant has been at the cutting edge of new technological developments since the company's founding by Akio Morita and Masaru Ibuka in 1946. Sony is one of the most respected companies world-wide. Its ability to innovate new markets and constant drive for self-improvement earned Sony world-wide sales of $36 billion in 1995. Sony manufactures video equipment, televisions, audio equipment, but is not just a leader in the world of electronics. Its acquisition of CBS Records in 1988 and Columbia Pictures Entertainment in 1989 have raised its profile as an entertainment company, backed by the recent launch of its own games console, the Sony Playstation.

AtlantiCare and the “Voice of the Customer” Essay

Introduction Located in southeastern New Jersey, AtlantiCare is a nonprofit organization that provides acute and chronic health care services in the following areas: cancer, trauma, cardiac care, stroke, behavioral health, urgent care, hospice, home care, family medicine, occupational medicine, child care, early learning, and mission care for the homeless. Because of the nature of the services it provides quality is essential at AtlantiCare, and the organization delivers it. In fact, AtlantiCare applies the principles of total quality so comprehensively and consistently that the organization has received the prestigious Malcolm Baldrige National Quality Award. At the core of AtlantiCare’s quality program is a process the organization calls the â€Å"Voice of the Customer.† This is a five-phase process used to make the organization’s patients partners in its continual-improvement efforts. Voice of the Customer identifies patient requirements and then makes sure that AtlantiCare’s services satisfy these requirements. The company’s customer focus does not stop with external customers. It also includes internal customers-employees (Goetsh & Davis, 2011). Total quality is not a concept anymore in day to day operations at AtlantiCare. It is part of the management team work ethic and philosophy, and the rest of the nonprofit company staff. AtlantiCare applies the principles of total quality in such a way that not only takes care of its customers, but also its internal customers. By doing so, the company has achieved organizational excellence. The case that follows is about the steps taken by the administration at AtlantiCare and also the lessons learned by the executives and the staff to become a world-class health care provider. Questions AtlantiCare has learned how to apply the principles of effective communication in a Total Quality setting. If total quality is the engine, communication is the oil that keeps it running. Much of what total quality is all about depends on effective communication. Without it, total quality breaks down. Some of the key elements of the total quality concept are customer focus (internal and external), total employee involvement and empowerment, leadership, teamwork, decision making, problem prevention, problem solving, and conflict resolution (Goetsh & Davis, 2011). The core of the AtlantiCare’s Total Quality system is a process called the â€Å"Voice of the Customer.† This is a five-phase process used to make the organization’s patients partners in its continual-improvement efforts. Voice of the Customer identifies patient requirements and then makes sure that AtlantiCare’s services satisfy these requirements. The part that AtlantiCare applies perfectly well i s the focus in its internal and external customers. This approach has giving the nonprofit company the information necessary to fix its mistakes and to reengineer its process, so AtlantiCare keeps its customers satisfied. Basically, what AtlantiCare does is to listen to all the stakeholders, following the principles of effective communication: message received, message understood. To listen responsively, managers and employees must learn to simultaneously use their ears, eyes, brains, and hearts. Responsive listening can pay substantial dividends for managers in a total quality setting (Goetsh & Davis, 2011). PepsiCo and IKEA are among the top companies were people wants to work at. It is not only because these companies have a recognized name or they are multinational companies. It is basically because these two companies also apply Total Quality programs where listening the suggestions and concerns of its employees and customers is a very big component. According to IKEA Welcome Inside 2012 report they in many markets we are the employer of choice, and latest results from our co-worker satisfaction survey, VOICE, show a very high level of satisfaction among our co-workers. The VOICE result also identifies areas where we can improve. IKEA is listening actively. They paid attention to their employees. They are sensitive to the information they receive, and also they act in consequence. They are being creative by developing programs to help their employees to grow and develop. In 2012, PepsiCo was listed among the Top 25 ‘World’s Best Multinational Workplaces’ by the Great Place to Work Institute  (PepsiCo, 2012). PepsiCo is always looking for talent and sustainability for them it means to invest in their associates to help them succeed; providing a safe and inclusive workplace globally; and respecting, supporting and investing in the local communities where they operate. In all of their markets, they are developing the talent of associates, preparing them to lead PepsiCo into the future. Through PepsiCo University and online courses offered by their global functions, more than 8,000 of their associates completed more than 11,500 courses in 2012. The professional development they offer to their associates enables them to develop the skills, capabilities and mindsets needed to drive sustainable financial performance and value creation. PepsiCo is combating the inhibitors of listening by providing to its employees with opportunities of professional development. Conclusion In order to have a Total Quality program that works effectively it is important to put at the core of the program the communication piece. Especially the information that is brought and communicated by the customers is the piece that has to have a mechanism that assures that it is inputted in to the Total Quality program. In the case of AtlantiCare, the nonprofit company has a system in place that voices the suggestions, complains, and demands of both customers: external and internal. The core of the AtlantiCare’s Total Quality system is a process called the â€Å"Voice of the Customer.† This is a five-phase process used to make the organization’s patients partners in its continual-improvement efforts. Voice of the Customer identifies patient requirements and then makes sure that AtlantiCare’s services satisfy these requirements. The part that AtlantiCare applies perfectly well is the focus in its internal and external customers. In the case of IKEA, the company has its own program called the â€Å"VOICE.† The VOICE result also identifies areas where we can improve. IKEA is listening actively. They paid attention to their employees. They are sensitive to the information they receive, and also they act in consequence. The area where this program could improve is in the external customer. According to this program they are only surveying the employees, but they are not taking in consideration the important information that the external customers have and can be used in the company’s advantage. On the other hand, in 2012, PepsiCo  was listed among the Top 25 ‘World’s Best Multinational Workplaces’ by the Great Place to Work Institute (PepsiCo, 2012), which means PepsiCo takes care of its internal customers. In all of their markets, they are developing the talent of associates, preparing them to lead PepsiCo into the future. Through PepsiCo University and online courses offered by their global functions, more than 8,000 of their associates completed more than 11,500 courses in 2012. PepsiCo provides for its employees professional developing opportunities and career growth, but they do not have a program in place that assures that its employees are providing information that could help the company. Less say they are not putting communication at the core of its Total Quality program. Finally, both companies could learn something from AtlantiCare by implementing Total Quality programs that included their external customers. Especially in the case of IKEA that sells directly to the final consumer. References David L. Goetsch, Stanley B. Davis. (2011) Quality Management for Organizational Excellence: Introduction to Total Quality, (7th Ed.) Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education IKEA Group (2012). Welcome inside 2012. Retrieved from http://www.ikea.com/ms/en_US/pdf/yearly_summary/ys_welcome_inside_2012.pdf PepsiCo (2012). Annual Report. Retrieved from http://www.pepsico.com/download/PEP_Annual_Report_2012.pdf

The Changing Role of Budget and Organizational Structure

1.1 BudgetBudget is one of common things that used in day-to-day life, but in accounting position, budget is one of managerial accounting tools to assist directors to pull off good companies through the manner of accounting itself. Based on day-to-day position, budget can be defined as figure of disbursals or addition that reserved by person, through calculating the possibility the sum of money. Through direction accounting position, Drury ( 2008 ) , define budget as elaborate programs for organizing and program of action for assorted activities in the hereafter. Harmonizing to Rajasekaran ( 2010 ) , budget is fiscal programs for the future actions, or it can be defined as future programs that expressed in pecuniary footings. Other than that, CIMA nomenclature ( 2005 ) defines budgeting as the procedure of create, implement and run the budget until the terminal of the budget period.Changing Role of Budget and Organizational StructureAs the changing of environment from industrial ages to information ages, the function of direction accounting was altering either. This means that budget as one of direction accounting tools is altering in return. Changing function of budget can be seen from the psychological science position. Budget was used non merely as planning and control tools for a company, but besides as motivational consequence for the workers, even from different organisational degree ( Parker D.L. , 2002, Hoque, 2003, Birnberg J. G. , Luft J. , Shields M. D. , 2007 ) . This motive might assist workers and company to run into the end congruity and the best public presentation of both workers and company. Some research workers besides link the so called relationship with another function, which is information sharing between superior and subsidiaries. Another function of budget in sharing the information to the subsidiaries might increase the public presentation of single worker ( Chong V. and Kar M. C. , 2002, Parker J. and Kyj L. , 2006, Leach-Lopez M. , Stammerjohan W. and McNair F. M. , 2007, Heath R. and Brown J. , 2007, Su J. T. and Lin W.L, 2007 ) , since they have adequate information related to the occupation itself. Besides, non merely function of budget, but besides the formation of organisational construction, that changed due to environmental alterations. Parker D. L. ( 2002 ) stated that most of companies are traveling to more flexible signifier of organisational construction. Decision-making and budgeting procedure within companies are developing with decentralized and participatory direction manner. This means that workers at different degree of organisational hierarchy can impact the determination in the company, although the power in engagement might be differ for each degree of hierarchy. This can be seen from the research of Majovski I.P. ( 2007 ) , about the direction manner in northern Europe. The consequence proven that most of companies in the part are implementing the flexible and decentralised direction manner.Budget Process ApproachThe alterations in direction manner might impact the degree of engagement of the budgeting procedure attack in return. Harmonizing to Drury ( 2008 ) , in puting up budget there are three ( 3 ) attack of engagement degree, there are top-down budget, bottom-up budget, and blended attack. Top-down budget is the budget scene that has no or less influence participatory by the subsidiaries or budgetees. Imposed budget is normally used to replace the name of top-down budget. Besides, the low degree directions besides have low power in the engagement and involved in the computations of budget for the top direction. Top-down budget has one chief advantage, which top direction can ever guarantee the end congruity and scheme alliance with the operation. Other than that, top-down budget can cut down the complexness and time-consuming of budgeting procedure. On contrary, it has disadvantages to the budgetee, for illustration, if the budget degree is excessively high and impossible to accomplish, the workers can be de-motivated and create inauspicious public presentation. Disadvantages might besides impact the organisation as a whole, for illustration if the budget degree is excessively easy to achieve, the worker can handle the budget as a box-ticking. Bottom-up budget is the budget scene procedure that allows full engagement from operational degree. Participatory budget is used for replacing the name of bottom-up budget. Normally, top direction give a general budget guideline for the lower director and subsidiaries, so the flows of budget scene development will be started from the lowest degree. Information will be gathered and grouped along the manner to the higher-level director until approved by both of top direction and budget commission. Bottom-up budget may incur extremely complexness and time-consuming for the overall budget scene procedure. Therefore, it might guarantee the committedness of all degree of company ‘s worker. The last attack is the blended attack, which is combination of both imposed budget and participatory budget. This blended attack normally called as negotiated budget. This attack starts with the puting up the fiscal public presentation aim by the top direction and it will be distributed down to lower-level workers. Then, runing directors might roll up informations and make the budget based on the aim every bit good as the lower-level workers. After the budget created, it will be reviewed by top direction to make up one's mind whether the budget is appropriate and approved. This attack might be insistent, if the budget disapproved by top direction until the concluding credence of budget is reached. Negotiated budget might give the budgetee to work hand in glove and within the end congruity of the company. Slack in budget besides can be reduced, due to the appropriate degree of the budget. This attack requires extremely engineering environment companies in puting up the budget.Problem StatementTraditional budgeting is a common pattern in the corporate universeResearch workers are reasoning about the rightness of budget in the current environment in information ages. Hope & A ; Fraser ( 2003 ) argue the utility of budget in the current environment state of affairs. They suggest that budget should be abolished and supersedes by another type of managerial accounting tools, viz. beyond budgeting. Thus, based on explorative surveies from several parts around the universe, traditional direction accounting tools are still adopted by bulk of companies. The grounds of the use of traditional tools like budgeting are due to the higher benefit, simpleness, exchanging cost, and so on ( Pavlatos O. & A ; Paggios I. , 2009, Libby T. , Lindsay M. R. , 2009, Uyar A. , Bilgin N. , 2010 ) . Due to the study of those research workers, it means that budgeting is still implemented and adopted in the current environment today, although the function of it could be changed. Problem arises within the organisation to in puting up the budget degree to the lower director until the operational degree in the hierarchy. Research workers and theoretician in direction accounting are reasoning each other about the engagement in puting up budgets in impacting motive of the workers every bit good as the sharing of information. Company ‘s directions are besides seeking the best attack in the execution of the budget to actuate and accomplish the best public presentation of all workers and directors in every degree of organisation.Most of research in engagement in budget scene with public presentation done in developed statesBased on one of literatures that have been reviewed, Leach-Lopez M. , Stammerjohan W. and Kyoo S.L. , ( 2007 ) , conclude that there is positive relationship between budget engagement on public presentation ( Brownell P. and McIness M. , 1986, Kren, 1992, Kennis I. , 1979, Searfoss A. and Monczka R. , 1973 ) . Leach-Lopez et Al. ( 2007 ) has done this research in different range and samples. The first research range on the Korean directors in US companies and the 2nd research range on the Mexican directors in US companies. In contrast, the former research merely uses the job-relevant information, whereas the latter research uses both job-relevant information and occupation satisfaction as intervening variables. Even though there were so many researches about the relationship between those two, Brownell P. and McIness M. , ( 1986 ) argue that there is no specific proving on this country, although most of the researches give the same relationship.Incompatibility found in the intervening function of motive between the relationship between budget engagement on public presentationSeveral research workers in the old surveies besides found the positive relationship between budget engagement on public presentation through motive ( Merchant K. 1981, Kennis I. , 1979, Searfoss A. and Monczka R. , 1973 ) . Other than that, Browne ll P. and McIness M. , ( 1986 ) did non happen any relationship between the budget engagement with public presentation through motive variable. Kren L. ( 1992 ) besides supports this statement through her research. After Kren ‘s survey, there are several research workers ( Parker J. and Kyj L. 2006, Wong B. , Guo L. and Lui G. 2010, Eker M. , 2006, Chong V. and Kar M. C. , 2002 ) , who try to concentrate on this relationship. The consequence from old researches found an incompatibility of the motive as step ining variable.Result spread in the relationship of job-relevant information as step ining function between budget engagement on public presentationIncompatibilities besides found in the function of information sharing through job-relevant information that found in several literatures. Some research workers based on their findings shows that the consequence on job-relevant information in the relation between budget engagement with public presentation is non excessively impo rtant. Thus, some said it might give bravery for the workers to execute good in the plants. Analyze on this country, motive and information sharing, might be required in order to see the cogency of the old surveies.Research QuestionMost of the researches have been done in the US, there is no important research about this country in Asia part. In order to see the old findings in this country, this research will scope in the Asiatic part, peculiarly South-East Asia part, although some factors are impacting in this surveies, for illustration the difference in civilization, life style, communicating, and so on. Therefore these are chief two inquiries driven from this survey: Is there any relationship between engagement of budget on public presentation within Asiatic workers? Is there any relationship between budget engagement with public presentation through motive? Is there any relationship between budget engagement with public presentation through information sharing? Make the consequence of past researches still valid for current environment?Aim of StudyTo cognize whether is at that place any relationship between budget engagement with public presentation within Asiatic workers. To find relationship between budget engagement on public presentation through motive. To find relationship between budget engagement on public presentation through information sharing. To compare the consequence of current research with past researches.Significance of StudyThis survey will give part to concern practicians, particularly top direction of company to put up whether to give power to lower-level workers in engagement on budget scene. Therefore, appropriate degree of engagement and budget degree can be met in the operation, so that company and workers could work in line with the end congruity of the company to accomplish better public presentation. Management will besides cognize the specific relationship of motive and information sharing as step ining variable in the significance with public presentation. Therefore, directors can take whether to use the budget engagement in budget scene or non. Other than that, this survey besides can convey part to academician on the country of behavioural accounting in pattern. Through this research, academicians can see whether the theories on books and other literatures can be applied in Asia part, with other factors impacting the human resource itself.Outline of DissertationThis thesis will be divided into five ( 5 ) chief chapters: Introduction, Literature Review, Methodology, Findings & A ; Analysis, in conclusion Conclusion and Recommendations.Chapter One – IntroductionIntroduction gives reader about overview of current issue in budgeting, the changing of environment that affect function of budgeting and organisational construction in the common concern pattern today. Problems that developed under new function of budgeting are assessed through some literatures. Research inquiries and aims of surveies built in this chapter besides. In the terminal, significance of surveies will be given, to guarantee that this survey contribut es for specific readers.Chapter Two – Literature ReappraisalIn this chapter, literatures from old researches will be assessed in order to give clear image about the specific issue that happened. The issue about the behavioral budget, motive, will be explained in item, along with the relationship with other independent variables. Each of literature will be reviewed in item from its methodological analysis, informations, analysis, consequence, and decisions.Chapter Three – MethodologyIn this chapter, elaborate method in developing this survey will be explained in item, from type of informations, population, samples, instrument, measuring, hypothesis and the informations analysis program.Chapter Four – Data Analysis, Results & A ; DiscussionData collected will be analyzed with the statistical bundle for societal scientific discipline ( SPSS ) . The consequence from analysis will be discussed exhaustively.Chapter Five – Conclusions & A ; RecommendationsThis l ast chapter will reason all the findings and treatment between the consequences that gathered in informations aggregation. Restriction of the survey will be given, along with the recommendation for other research workers. Future research countries, which non covered in this survey, will be given either.Chapter 2LITERATURE REVIEWThis chapter will depict all the literature gathered under the budget engagement, information sharing, motive and public presentation, along with its relationship from the past researches. Number of research under this country, budget engagement with public presentation has been done in the past clip, during the twentieth century ( Merchant K. 1981, Kennis I. , 1979, Searfoss A. and Monczka R. , 1973, Brownell P. and McIness M. , 1986 and Kren L. 1992 ) . But still, so many research workers replicates those surveies, but with different step ining variables, measuring every bit good as informations analysis. This literature reappraisal consists of three ( 2 ) sub-titles, viz. : Budget Participation on Performance through and Budget Participation on Motivation and Performance through Information Sharing. In the last portion of this chapter, decision and theoretical model of this survey will be provided.Relationship between Budget Participation on Performance through MotivationNumber of literatures found in this country is from the past old surveies and less figure of research worker that focal point in this country. Based on literature found, Searfoss D. and Monczka R. ( 1973 ) do this research to analyze the relationship of budget engagement with the motive of the budgetee to courage the public presentation, along with other step ining variables, need for independency and authorianism. This survey uses the primary informations based on questionnaire that distributed to 365 samples with different degrees of workers and directors. Result found that there is a positive relationship between budget engagement on motive. Positive relationship besides found in the organisational place or degree with the degree of budget engagement. But, there is no relationship between other two step ining variables from the findings of the research. Kennis I. ( 1979 ) supports the old research on this country, by keeping the research about the budget engagement, lucidity, feedback, attitudes, and self-rated public presentation between 169 operational directors through questionnaire. Result found that engagement in the budget scene could give the motivational consequence to the workers to accomplish better public presentation. Merchant K. ( 1981 ) has done research to analyze the difference in the budgeting system sing to corporate size, diverseness and decentalisation to be related with motive and attitude toward the budget. Sample size of 170 directors from the companies is collected and responded the questionnaire. Result found that size of corporate give different consequence for each of relationship of the variables. But, by and large positive relationship is found between the engagement toward the attitude of the budget. Eker M. ( 2006 ) established the extend survey of budget engagement on public presentation, with the step ining variable of organisational committedness. Convenience sampling is chosen to pick the samples of 150 companies between top 500 companies in Turkey. Companies were sent a questionnaire consist of three measuring of those variables. The informations were analyzed by utilizing correlativity analysis, factor analysis, multiple arrested development analysis and t-test. Result found that, organisational committedness is a important step ining variable between the relationships of budget engagement with the managerial public presentation. Chong V. and Kar M. C. ( 2002 ) conduct the survey within the directors in Australian companies to analyze the relationship between budget engagement and public presentation, with budget committedness and job-relevant information as intervening variables. Samples of 84 directors were asked to make full up the questionnaire and informations were collected. Result found that, budget engagement can heighten the motive in perpetrating the budget. It besides gives the informational consequence to heighten the job-relevant information to back up the public presentation in the terminal. It supports the past surveies about the double function of budget engagement. The former is motivational effects and the latter is informational consequence. Wong B. , Guo L. and Lui G. ( 2010 ) use the self-government theory ( SDT ) as their footing of research. SDT suggest that engagement needed in the budgeting procedure for the interest of motive, morale, public presentation and occupation satisfaction. In this survey, motive divided into several types, intrinsic, extrinsic, independent and controlled motive. Study has been done in Hongkong by sample size of 101 bank directors through voluntary seminar and questionnaire. Result found that through engagement in budgeting public presentation in the occupation can be increased. On contrary, Brown and McIness ( 1986 ) , did non happen the same thing like above. Through the empirical survey within 224 middle-level directors in Australia, they did non happen any strong relationship between these two variables. Kren L. ( 1992 ) examined the relationship about those variables with other step ining variables in the research. By carry oning interview 80 directors of 500 top companies in USA. She found that there was unobvious relationship between public presentations through motive of budget. Therefore, relationship between budget engagement has positive relationship with public presentation itself. Parker J. and Kyj L. ( 2006 ) develop the survey of the relationship between the budget engagement with public presentation, with the perpendicular information sharing theoretical account between supervisors with subsidiaries in the budgeting procedure. Other than information sharing, organisational committedness and function ambiguity were tested in this survey as step ining variables. Data aggregation within sample size of 70 directors with subsidiaries has been done through questionnaire. The informations were tested with the way analysis with a consequence of the important relationship between the budgetary engagement with public presentation, through step ining variable of information sharing. Other step ining variables were found non important with the chief variables.Relationship between Budget Participation on Performance through Information SharingChong V. and Kar M. C. ( 2002 ) in the same survey like explained in the old sub-chapter were reasoning that the budget engagemen t through information sharing of job-relevant information might assist the subsidiaries to work good and accomplish better public presentation. Parker J. and Kyj L. ( 2006 ) in the surveies like explained in the old sub-chapter besides examine the informational sharing consequence of job-relevant information in the budget engagement that could increase the public presentation of the worker that can non be found in the other intervening variables. Leach-Lopez M. , Stammerjohan W. and McNair F. M. ( 2007 ) follows and spread out Kren L. ( 1992 ) past surveies on this country. They distinguish the consequence of the budget engagement with public presentation straight and indirectly. Other than that, other step ining variables, occupation relevant information and occupation satisfaction, besides introduced here. The survey conducted within 143 Mexican and American mid-managers in US companies. The analysis was utilizing the past research workers theoretical account, like way theoretical account correlativity, t-test, robustness trial and p-value trial. Findingss show that, there is strong relationship between public presentations in budget engagement. The difference that the writers research than the past researches is the causal mechanism that associating those two variables. The intervening variables, job-relevant information that affects the relationship between independent and dependent variables is alterations with the degre e of bilingual ability of the Mexican directors. However, another step ining variable, occupation satisfaction did non give a important relation with those variables. Leach-Lopez M. , Stammerjohan W. and Kyoo S. L. ( 2007 ) survey is a reproduction of the surveies of old literature by Leach-Lopez M. , Stammerjohan W. and McNair F. M. ( 2007 ) with the same variables and informations analysis in the surveies. The difference in this survey is the samples, by utilizing Korean directors in the US companies, respondents of 71 directors respond for the questionnaire. The findings show the same things as old research, but causal mechanism in the intervening variables is different with the past samples. In this survey, consequence shows that there is important function of the occupation satisfaction as step ining variable between budget engagement with public presentation between Korean directors. Heath R. and Brown J. ( 2007 ) conducted an drawn-out survey from old research Kren L. ( 1992 ) within 259 workers through questionnaire to analyze the relationship between budget engagement with personal public presentation. But, they manage to associate other variables, job-relevant information and self-efficacy, as step ining variable. Arrested development analysis, coefficient analysis every bit good as t-test have been done for the analysis of the information gathered. Result found that, all those variables are related each other with positive relationship within all degrees of direction in the organisation. Su J. T. and Lin W.L ( 2007 ) clears the spread of the incompatibility in several accounting literatures about the consequence of public presentation in the budget engagement with step ining variable, information dissymmetry. This survey was held in Taiwan, with a sample size of 168 employees, through questionnaire. Path analysis and correlativity analysis used for analysing the information of the respondents. Based on the findings, the past surveies about the positive relationship between budget engagement on public presentation were proven. Information dissymmetry besides establishes positive relationship as an intervening variable. If the variable is present, public presentation will increase and frailty versa. Adler R. W. and Reid J. ( 2008 ) survey about the wider range of the consequence of non merely the budget engagement, but besides leading manner on occupation public presentation and satisfaction. Through questionnaire, 40 middle-level director in New-Zealand companies answer the inquiry. Consequence after the information analysis of dependability testing and stepwise arrested development shows that there is relationship between all variables that tested. However, the leading manner shows no relationship as chairing variable with the occupation public presentation of the worker.DecisionMajority of the past researches done by making cross-sectional surveies in this country, so causal relationship can non be found in all of the surveies. This is could be the unfavorable judgments that occur in the survey. Low generalizability besides being an restriction on the survey. Since most of the surveies about the relationship between engagement in budget scene on public presentation have been done in USA and give the same consequence, survey in the other part might be needed to research in other part. Other than that, information sharing and motive as an intervening variable could be needed answer the incompatibilities in the past surveies.Theoretical ModelBased on the past literatures, theoretical model between the variables in the survey can be developed as a diagram as follows: Engagement in budgeting procedure as independent variable will impact positively to public presentation as dependent variable. Motivation could work as step ining variable in this model. From the past findings, motive that related by engagement in budget procedure can impact positively to the public presentation. But still, some research workers found different consequence in the survey. Motivation in this survey can be in signifier of budget committedness. Other than that, function of budget engagement as information sharing could be in signifier of job-relevant information, merely like the old surveies. A spread was found in this function of engagement in budgeting, nevertheless most of research workers treat the job-relevant information as a positive related with the public presentation.

Crime and Teenage Curfew Laws Essays

Crime and Teenage Curfew Laws Essays Crime and Teenage Curfew Laws Essay Crime and Teenage Curfew Laws Essay Summary:    The enacting of teenage curfew laws in American cities such as Dallas, Texas is a good idea. Such laws can decrease the juvenile crime rate and provide an opportunity for teens who are at risk to become delinquents to receive needed help. Over the past several years, One reason I believe that teenager curfew laws should be effective in many communities is because of the high rate of juvenile crime. If there are fewer teens in the street there will be fewer crimes will be committed by and against juveniles. Although a nationwide study has never been conducted on curfews effectiveness in reducing juvenile crime, cities that enforced them have reported a decline in the rate of juvenile crime rates. In Dallas, Texas where a curfew for youths under age 17 took effect in May 1994, police reports show violent crime by juveniles has decreased by 30. 3% and overall juvenile crime has decreased by 20. 7% (Teen Curfews). In December of 1997, according to the time line Milestones in teen curfews in the United States, the National Council of Mayors concluded that cities that impose youth curfews experienced a significant decrease in juvenile crimes. Another reason I believe it will be beneficial to have a curfew is because these curfews provide an opportunity for teens who are at risk for becoming delinquents to get needed help. Gregory Bodenhamer says curfew laws are one of the most dependable, least intrusive methods to identify and help children neglectful and chaotic families that produce most of the nations young criminals. Law-enforcement officials say this about curfew laws; they are a straight forward practice and enforceable way to fight juvenile crime. They also say that any infringements on juvenile liberty will be outweighed by the safety benefits of curfews will bring. These are just several reasons I believe enacting a curfew will be very beneficial for youth Americans. We can use cities such as Dallas, Texas as a example of how when a youth curfew is applied, it can decrease the juvenile crime rate and make better communities all across America. This is the complete article, containing 329 words (approx. 1 i i am doing a argument essay on do curfews keep teens our of trouble could i get feedback on my intro please thanks Every single one of us has been there, where we are rushing to get home before our parents notice it is 11:15 when our parents have specifically told us â€Å"Be home at 11 o clock sharp, no later! † For parents curfews are a way for them to keep tabs on their children and know that if their child is not home by curfew they need to call and checkup. For teens curfews might just be there worst nightmare, knowing they must be home at a certain time defiantly sets some pressure on them to constantly check their watches. In my opinion curfews are a great way to keep teens out of trouble and knowing ones child is safe and free of harm. Curfews not only protect our children but also our society and the people in it. Other Limits Many Parents set up rules, and other boundaries in which their teens must follow. These rules are usually placed over their teens to control, protect, and teach their teen. Even though most is often the wise thing to do, but if you restrict this, but still allow your teen to curse or watch improper movies, and TV the restriction of certain friends will just confuse your teen. Curfews are often needed to prevent teens from getting into trouble late at night. A curfew should slightly vary depending on where the teen are, what they are doing, what they are planning for the following record and if they are trustworthy they should be given more freedom, and take their opinions into context when giving a curfew. Some well-behaved teens can be given almost full responsibility when comes to curfews. Curfews are usually most necessary for dating. Parents cannot always give their teen permission to stay out all night on a date. Teens can get into too much trouble when on a date late the obstacles and setbacks a weekday curfew sets for minors, a shortened curfew on weekends also has it own collection of cons. The weekend holds a significant amount of the time that a minor is able to relax and spend time with friends. It is no lie that there are minors who engage in illegal acts on weekends such as drinking, smoking, and drag racing. But the truth is that one less hour of freedom is not going to stop any of these offenses. By shortening curfew it will just push all of these events to an earlier time it won’t prevent any of them. It’s as though someone is just rescheduling a meeting or sporting event. The shortening of curfew will only provoke some minors to break the law just based on the idea of teenage rebellion and â€Å"sticking it to the man. The extension of curfew will allow parents not to worry so much about their child if they are required to be out beyond curfew for any job/activity related occasion. By extending the curfew police officers can turn their attention from catching minors trying to get home after curfew, to more serious offenses. Having fewer minors being ticketed for being out beyond curfew will in turn unclog the county court system, that has a portion of it s time eaten up everyday in handing out fines to minors and pushing them out the door only to see another offender come in.

Soft Skills in the Workplace The Top 4 Skills for Successful Managers

Soft Skills in the Workplace The Top 4 Skills for Successful Managers Ever looked at your supervisor and thought in exasperation, I could totally do that job!? Dont be fooled- odds are theres more to a managers job than meets the eye. If youre a manager yourself or just have your eye on the managerial prize, consider how you can develop and maintain behind-the-scenes soft skills that will keep you at the top of your game like these, from Lei Han at BeMyCareerCoach.com.1. Leadership and People Management SkillsAs a manager, you need the leadership and people skills that will help you attract, retain, direct, motivate, train, and manage the people you supervise. Get to know your workers one-on-one so you can more effectively make use of their strengths, accommodate their challenges, support their goals- employees know when their manager has their best interests at heart, and its a great way to motivate your team.2. Communication SkillsYou have to be able to work up and down the chain of command in your workplace- that means learning to advocate for your team to the higher-ups and  supporting the initiatives that youre handing down to your employees. Make sure everyone understands their roles, and make sure you offer a receptive ear whenever one of your employees needs to be heard.3. Conflict Resolution SkillsNothing says Im in charge like being the end of the line for employee conflicts. Incompatible personalities or differences of opinion on a complex project can blow up into a catastrophe if not managed from the start.  Take the time to assess your mediation skills. If they could use a tune-up, see what programs or classes your company might offer to help you improve them. You can then offer coaching to employees that helps them resolve future conflicts on their own, paying your new skills forward and making everyones worklife run more smoothly.4. Networking SkillsFor managers, the ability to foster relationships and put the right people in touch with one another solves problems and generates great ideas. Its a demonstration of judgment and generosity that supports all of your employees across different divisions and departments.Keep in mind that skills that support are just as important as skills that demand accountability when it comes to managerial relationships; soft skills like these will help you remember your employees are people first, and workers second.4 Soft Skills Every Manager NeedsRead More at bemycareercoach.com

CoSchedule 2016 10 Huge Milestones + A Lot More Yet to Come

2016 10 Huge Milestones + A Lot More Yet to Come Its that time of year to reflect. And here at , there is a lot to reflect on. In 2016, the Customer Success team: Hosted  21.2k conversations with users +  fans. Published 68 new  help docs. Responded  to most inquiries  in 40 minutes or less! Props to Customer Success! The Marketing team: Reached 125k+ active email subscribers. Gained 1M+ monthly page views. Generated 3,500 monthly trial signups. And we couldnt have done it without an amazing tool to share with marketers like you. So I thought Id  give our Product team a huge thank you, and share with you  some of the huge milestones theyve built into . The developers  and designers behind the scenes at are some of the most amazing people Ive had the opportunity to work with. Theyve done a great job of  making smarter and more holistic in 2016! Lets take a look: 3/8/16 Schedule Pins To Pinterest In The Calendar Where You Organize Everything Else Pinterest scheduling was your #1 most-requested feature at the beginning of 2016! So it was a ton of fun to  include  the functionality to schedule Pins to Pinterest alongside your other social networks like Twitter, Facebook, LinkedIn, Google+, and Tumblr. Pinning consistently is a key part of success on Pinterest. Now you can Pin more often while saving time as you strategically plan your Pinterest posting schedule. You can even connect  multiple accounts and all the boards for those accounts, too! Pinterest scheduling makes a great way to consolidate your toolset. ;)Did you know you can schedule Pins to Pinterest with ?4/12/16 Post To Every Social Network At The Best Time (w/out The Manual  Busywork) Posting to social media at the best times will increase your engagement. And  in 2016,  we crunched the data (so you dont have to) and uncovered the best times to post on every social network. Then we built that into for ya! Best Time Scheduling takes the guesswork out of knowing when to post. Its a win-win: You automatically post at the best times to increase your engagement and get your time back to focus on doing the work you really love (instead of tedious tasks). Its pretty simple. And extremely powerful. I think about it like this: When you automate the mechanics, you save time you can  use better on more important work. Thats the beauty of Best Time Scheduling in .Automagically post at the best times for every social network with !4/26/16 Schedule Dozens Of Messages In A Few Easy Minutes With Social Templates After  you started using the social queue in , many  of you requested a way to save your queue as a reusable template. That was a great idea (so thanks for suggesting it!). Social Templates  was a super fun project to launch in 2016 to help you eliminate the tedious process of manual social media scheduling. Here are a few great use cases that are perfect for  Social Templates: You always share the blog posts you publish. Create a reusable Social Template to consistently share your blog posts on all of your social networks more than once. Do you host a Twitter chat? Social Templates make it easy to focus on writing great questions rather than manually scheduling the Tweets for every chat. Maybe now is the best time to start one! Hosting webinars? Promote your signup pages easily with a specific template for webinars. Do you write  guest blog posts? Share that content with your following consistently with a Social Template for your guest posts. Save tons of time  by scheduling social media messages in bulk with Social Templates!Schedule social messages in bulk with Social Templates from !6/21/16 Organize Your Social Campaigns All In 1  Place Youve got events, contests, blog posts, landing pages, and a whole lot more to share on social media. Soooo. Instead of managing a single social message as a project, isnt it easier to manage a campaign as a project? Thats the big idea behind Social Campaigns: The perfect way to organize a group of social media messages into a single project your entire team can collaborate on. You get a birds eye view of everything involved in a campaign, making it easy to review all of the messages quickly. You can even create custom workflows for your campaigns and  discuss right in (eliminating endless email CCs, thank goodness).Organize social media projects in 1 place with Social Campaigns in !10/13/16 Organize Your  Social Video Projects To Get Even More Engagement Its not a secret people love watching video on social media in 2016. So we wanted to make it easier than ever for you to plan, organize, execute, and schedule  video content to your social networks. Cue: Social Video. ^ See what I did there? ;) Now you can manage social video projects right in the marketing calendar where you manage everything else. Simply upload your videos and share them to all your social networks. This works amazingly well with other features like Social Campaigns, Social Templates, and Best Time Scheduling. Youll organize everything + increase your engagement!Organize your social video projects + get more engagement with !10/20/16  Tag Facebook Pages And Twitter Handles To Boost Engagement Social Tagging was another HUGE request from you in 2016! So it was a blast to see it come to life in your favorite marketing calendar this year. ;) Now you can search for Facebook Pages and Twitter handles as you write your social media messages. Forget about jumping to the social networks (or worse- guessing and getting it wrong)! Just type your @ and the first characters of the social profile. will intelligently search for the tag for you!Tag Facebook Pages and Twitter handles with !10/25/16 Prove The ROI Of The Work You Do With Social Analytics When you heard we were going to build social media analytics into , tons of you told us: I would use social engagement analytics to decide what content to re-share and decide what to write more of. That was excellent feedback to help us build the best kinds of social media analytics into your marketing calendar! Now youll: Measure  the success of every social media message you share. Its awesome to see which messages get the most comments, shares, and likes so you know whats working (and whats not). Never question the results of your hard work! You create tons of value with  your social media strategy, and now you can easily prove the ROI of the work you do to your boss/clients (and yourself). Discover trends with your content, specific social media messages, networks, and more. Do it all without the time-suck and stress by monitoring  your performance  in one place where you manage everything else. Its pretty awesome to see and compare your performance across your content, networks, and messages in one convenient place.Prove the ROI of the work you do with Social Analytics in !11/01/16 All-New Content Creator And User Experience has always  focused on  helping you organize your content + social media projects. With the new content creator, you got the chance to organize everything even easier than before. Now you can hide things youre not working on (or needing to see) to clean up your digital workspace. And collaboration is even easier than ever before with improved workflows and task management. Organize every marketing project with  Google Docs, Evernote, WordPress, and the all-new built-in editor. And now you can also upload files for any other kind of project, too- like Microsoft word, image files, and more. Work smarter with the new content editor in !11/08/16 Automatically Re-Share Your Social Messages With ReQueue ReQueue is the most intelligent way to automate your social media. It  helps you craft your social media messages  once, then  automatically fills in the gaps in your posting schedule. Lets just say you want to send 15 tweets a day to your Twitter account, but you only have five scheduled for today. ReQueue will find the missing 10 gaps, and re-share 10  tweets (youve strategically selected) at the best times for engagement. Talk about maximizing your time, effort, and content! This was a super fun project for us because we beta tested the  feature,  looked for your feedback, and  rebuilt it even better based on your expectations. Thanks again for  helping us build the product you need to organize all of your social media + content! With ReQueue, youll: Set it and forget it! Youll craft  your messages, add them to ReQueue, and automatically share. Get more mileage out of your social media messages. You put time into  creating your social media content, and now youll get bigger results from your effort. Automatically reuse your best social media messages. ReQueue takes the guesswork out of knowing how often to post every day by doing it for you with the content youve chosen (based on analytics). Easily re-promote your evergreen content. Some content is timeless, and more social shares can help that classic content reach a larger audience. Now youll  craft your social media messages once,  organize them in a ReQueue group, and will automatically re-share that content at the best times for engagement! Automatically re-share your social media messages with !11/30/16 Schedule Instagram Posts (Alongside Everything Else) Many of you requested a way to schedule your posts to Instagram. Our product designers and developers  took your  feedback and built the  mobile app that makes scheduling to Instagram a breeze. Thanks! Those gals and guys  love building the features youve requested. ;) With Instagram scheduling in , youll: Quit forgetting to post on Instagram! Now youll  get push notifications when its time to post. Schedule Instagram messages alongside all of your other social networks. Its the best way to manage multiple social media accounts in one place. Go from haphazard to strategic. Plan your Instagram posting schedule well in advance to strategize your content and post it at the best times for engagement. Collaborate more efficiently than ever on Instagram projects. Your team will work together better than ever with customizable workflows, discussion, and one version of truth. When you combine Instagram scheduling with ReQueue and a drag-and-drop editorial calendar, you have the most complete social media publishing tool in the world.Consolidate your toolset with Instagram Scheduling in !  + A Lot Of Other Enhancements Happened Throughout 2016 The Product team that builds also put a ton of effort into making faster and easier to use. You may have noticed improvements here and there, which is something  they do all the time. In fact, the Product team  pushed new code to nearly every business day in 2016. For you, that means a product that never grows stagnant and one that constantly  iterates and improves. Im sending a big thank you (just one more time!) to the Product team that makes all of this excitement possible. You guys and gals are awesome! + A Lot More Is Yet To Come In 2017 Looking back on 2016 has been a lot of fun. But Im even more excited looking forward to 2017. Tons of amazing #SocialMedia functionality came to in 2016. And since has always been about organizing content + social better than ever In 2017, you can expect Custom content types  to help you plan, organize,  and execute even more marketing projects in one  place. Speaking of marketing projects soon youll have an even more advanced way to manage multiple pieces of content as marketing campaigns. Analytics will continue to grow with more reports for team management and content publishing. Email marketing to help you execute your campaigns better than ever in the marketing calendar where you manage everything else. Approval workflows to help you execute projects faster w/out time-sucking  hangups. What marketing projects will you organize in 2017?

Renewable energy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Renewable energy - Essay Example energy is energy generated from resources that are naturally refilled on a human timescale such as rain, geothermal heat, waves, sun, and wind (Harvey and Brown 41). The cost of generating hydropower is low making it the most preferable source of the world’s renewable energy. Further, hydroelectric plants are said to have long economic lives with some plants having the ability to be in service for over 50 years. The cost of operation is not high since plants are automated and have few people on site during normal operations. In addition, hydro energy is more flexible source of power or electricity because plants can be ramped or inclined up and down to adapt to transforming energy needs. Once a hydropower dam is constructed, the project generates no direct waste to the ecosystem and has low production of greenhouse gases than fossil fuels (Somma 46). It is vital to note that many nations recommend energy sources such as hydropower, wind and sun because they do not emit any harmful chemicals and gases such as carbon dioxide and it is not a major contributor to global warming via carbon dioxide. Energy source such as hydropower is a renewable source of energy or power because rivers and streams are naturally available. Further, hydropower is not expensive as compared to energy produced from nuclear energy or fossil fuels. The advantage of hydroelectric reservoirs is that they are able to tackle daily, seasonal, and peak loads. For instance, when the demand of electric falls, the reservoirs or dams store water while some installed electricity generators are used to store excess energy (Harvey and Brown 33). Biofuel production revolves around the fact that biofuel is a renewable source of energy. Biofuels have a source material and unlike oil, which often takes thousands of years for the fossil fuels to be produced, the biofuels are renewable because new crops can often be grown and the waste material collected for production of oil. Biofuel production has helped

JETBLUE CASE STUDY Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

JETBLUE CASE STUDY - Research Paper Example However, a disturbing fact about turnover of Jetblue is that, far from increased percentages of sales over the years, the percentages are actually falling. Sales for 2006 constituted a 36% increase over 2005, but sales proportion of 2007 is only around 20% increase over 2006. It is imperative that sales growth is consistent through larger quantum of sales and revenues over profitable segments. Coming to variable costs, it is seen that the proportion is larger for variable costs rather than fixed. Aircraft fuel, as expected, holds the largest chunk. Rising fuel prices is one of the principal risks in the airline business. Jet fuel costs were considered the second largest operating cost in the airline industry, after staff costs. Coming to hedging it is seen that occasionally the company should purchase crude oil options contract or swap agreements. These commodity prices are connected with aircraft fuel, making derivative of them effective. These are short term measures designed to co unteract against steep increases in prices of aircraft fuels. Lower distribution costs, lower selling overheads and higher instance of productive output. This has been brought about by use of electronic ticketing and maximum use of internet services for airliners. Only two types of aircrafts in use: The... Coming to variable costs, it is seen that the proportion is larger for variable costs rather than fixed. Aircraft fuel, as expected, holds the largest chunk. Rising fuel prices is one of the principal risks in the airline business. Jet fuel costs were considered the second largest operating cost in the airline industry, after staff costs. Coming to hedging it is seen that occasionally the company should purchase crude oil options contract or swap agreements. These commodity prices are connected with aircraft fuel, making derivative of them effective. These are short term measures designed to counteract against steep increases in prices of aircraft fuels. Four possible reasons on how the company has, up to now, managed and achieved low operating costs are as follows. Lower distribution costs, lower selling overheads and higher instance of productive output. This has been brought about by use of electronic ticketing and maximum use of internet services for airliners. Only two types of aircrafts in use: The Company flies only two types of aircrafts, A320 and Embraer 190. Thus, it is possible for Jetblue to plan and control its operations, servicing and maintenance. Moreover, its pilots are more comfortable flying aircrafts whose technical and flight systems are well known to them and this helps in attaining ultimate flight efficiencies and lower chances of accidents or operational malfunctioning. Higher aircraft utilization: By effective and harmonized scheduling of aircrafts, and well- planned movement control, it is able to spread its fixed costs over a larger number of flights and available seat miles. Some of their aircrafts are on day-and-night

Transferable skills Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Transferable skills - Essay Example DuBrin, Ireland, and Williams (1989) indicated that effective organizational leaders are generally consistent in the way they try to influence the behaviour of group members, with this consistent pattern of behaviour being the leadership style of a given manager. Shangon is the Executive Director of a non profit organization. She started it with a dream of giving a new dimension to development communications by empowering and orienting language journalists towards development issues. She aspired to create a niche for development communication in the print media. This organization was started by her in support with her husband in 1998. There was only a group of 4 people initially which later expanded to 12 people and with greater number of projects and assignments. After five years, her husband died of heart attack and she had to manage the organization only by herself. The organization deals with four major areas which were Training, Documentation, Issue Based Journalism and Theatre for social cause. The NGO incorporate communication and empowerment as the work strategy. The work in the organization involved great deal of creativity and decision making of course in various areas. It involved a lot of supervision from her side. She had to keep her eye on the status of every single project. She always encourages participation an... For decisions minor to major she involves every single person and tries to take input from each person and makes the entire decision making process participative. Shangon takes collaborative, responsive and interactive actions with participants concerning the work and the work environment. (Nelson & Quick, 2006). Every time a new proposal is approached to the funding agencies, she keeps the communication open for the employees and facilitates discussion with them and involves them in setting goals. Also after the discussion, she seeks input regarding determination of policy and procedures. Her interactions are always focused, when any employee face problem in doing a particular task, she provides suggestions and alternatives for the completion of tasks. Every Saturday morning, she would come to office carrying stuffs like crackers, cookies and some nutritious snacks to share with the employees. This gesture always boosts staff morale and helped build a strong bond between her and the employees. Shangon always motivates employees to work to their competencies and to work as a team. She also exhibits effective listening skills and mediates conflict for group gain provides frequent positive feedback, rewards good work and uses punishment only as a last resort. Actually, she knows best, what style works for her staff. The dream of a well flourished organization has been successfully fulfilled by her because she has been able to put her thoughts into action and has managed it really well through her Leadership skills which she acquired through her own experience. According to me, she is a good leader and she developed a style conducive to her work

Ethics of the Sale of Body Parts Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 4

Ethics of the Sale of Body Parts - Essay Example The Anatomical Gift Act, drafted in 1968 was the initial effort made in an attempt to give a tissue and organ donation policy (Talbot, 2012). It created a uniform legal procedure for people who wished to donate organs to medical institutions. In this act that is operational in up to fifty states, it states that a person of sound mind and 18 years of age can donate part or all of his body. The donor may put his wish to donate a body part in a will that is operational only upon his death. This act forbade the sale of body parts, but the recipient of the donated body part is to pay for the transportation of the donated organ or body part. Organs and tissues can only be received by surgeons, hospitals, physicians and educational institutions in medical or dental research. There is also a National Organ Transplant Act of 1984 that provides funds for the establishment of organ procurement organization. The act also banned the sale of organs between states and established a task force to en force policy issues regarding organ transplantation. The following body parts can be donated in the United States. They include the heart, kidney, lungs, skin, eyes and the liver. These parts of the body get harvested as soon as one passes on and become implanted onto someone else. Despite the medical and legal mechanisms that encourage organ donation, demand exceeds supply. It gets estimated that there are daily reports of deaths of up to 8 people as a result of waiting for a transplant that never came. On medical conditions associated with each body part to be donated, it is up to the doctor to decide if the body part if fit for transplanting. Regardless of one’s illness when they die, some parts of their body may still get transplanted. Some infectious diseases, drug abuse history and general health of the donor become considered before acceptance of any donation. The lungs of a tobacco smoker may be turned down as chances of them being helpful are so minimal. To avoid suc h a scenario where body parts get rejected, it is crucial to note that an individual has to be healthy and medically fit to allow any of his body part donations. He or she should not have any history of drug use or abuses as this are contributory to rejection of a body part donation (Talbot, 2012). If one has kidney failure, he or she has to go through a process for the acquisition of a donated kidney to be transplanted. Kidney transplantation is the process where there is fixation of a healthy kidney from one person to another. The new kidney replaces the failed kidney. The process of acquisition of a transplant begins as soon as one’s kidney fails. Transplantation as a result of failure depends on one’s condition (Talbot, 2012). Some conditions make it impossible for implants. If implantation is possible, then the patient undergoes medical evaluation at the transplant center. The pre transplant process involves several weeks or even months. X-rays and blood samples g et carried out to ascertain one’s compatibility with the available donated kidneys. Evaluation of one’s health and also of the donor gets done at this stage. Once the patient passes the medical evaluation and is a suitable recipient, but without a donor, then he or she is put on a waiting list for as long as a kidney is there from a dead donor. The length of one’s wait depends on one’s location and the donor’s region (Petersen & Freckelton,2006). The length of

Influence of Creativity on Modern Education Research Paper

Influence of Creativity on Modern Education - Research Paper Example The range of creativity is believed to traverse across multitudes of academic disciplines, such as philosophy, psychology, theology, linguistics, technology, economics, etc. Creativity alone is considered a tree branched with general intelligence, neurological and mental processes, mental health, and the relationship between creative ability, and personality type (Dunkel 209-216). Science has bestowed the phenomenon of creativity with many definitions and approaches. However, targeted investigation has been focused on what makes some people more cognitive or creative than others. To this end, it is generally defined to be reliant on the Four Ps: Process, Person, Place and Product. ‘Process’ is defined to be the techniques and thought mechanism exercised for creative thinking. ‘Person’ is defined to be the intellectual habits, such as expertise, exploratory nature, and autonomy. ‘Place’ is considered to be the environment, circumstances, and reso urces that let creativity flourish. ‘Product’ is considered to be the execution of thoughts into the production of something of value, of note (Amabile 98). If creativity is looked upon in ancient backgrounds, it was not recognized by the renowned scholars such as Plato. It is known to have gained substance in the early Renaissance era, when creativity was attributed to God by Christians and Jews of that time who quoted verses from their holy books in arguments and scholarly discourse. It later became popular after the arrival of Darwinism and was promoted in the early 20th century by mathematicians such as Henri Poincare and Hermann von Helmholtz (Cropley 111). This popular rise caused scientists to separately study the subject of creativity, devise theories and techniques, and later associate creativity with education. However, the renewed interest and debate on current education curriculum, and the need for its amelioration are primarily owing to the launch of the â €Å"Sputnik 1,† by the Soviet Union in 1957. The supposed failure of engineers and scientists from the USA and other Western Countries was ascribed to their deficiency in creativity, which led to the founding of National Defense Education Act in the USA (Craft, Jeffrey, and Leibling). Incorporating creativity in education is foreseen to address many problems. It is presaged to bear benefits that will enable the present and the future generations to cope with the uncertain future, and the fast changing world. In addition, the most dominant of all benefits are economic benefits. The function of creativity in economy is considered vital for countries aiming to achieve greater economic stability, increased employment, and competitive edge in the world market. Therefore, the assimilation of creativity in education is considered imperative and indispensable, given the pace at which technology and competition are evolving. It is considered a fundamental skill for future generations to thrive in the New World. As a consequence, fostering creativity in children through education is called the production of ‘human capital,’ as Adam Smith states that the ‘wealth of nations’ is dependent on the ‘human capital’ of today and tomorrow (Craft 58). Although formal education is also imperative, it has been criticized repeatedly by theorists for restricting creativity and free thinking, and producing stereotypes and conformists. As a result, the ‘narrow’ scope of education institutions has come under question and has been blamed for manufacturing ‘robots.’ The pressing psychological impact on students to meet requirements of academic curriculum, the pressure

Ethics of the Sale of Body Parts Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 4

Ethics of the Sale of Body Parts - Essay Example The Anatomical Gift Act, drafted in 1968 was the initial effort made in an attempt to give a tissue and organ donation policy (Talbot, 2012). It created a uniform legal procedure for people who wished to donate organs to medical institutions. In this act that is operational in up to fifty states, it states that a person of sound mind and 18 years of age can donate part or all of his body. The donor may put his wish to donate a body part in a will that is operational only upon his death. This act forbade the sale of body parts, but the recipient of the donated body part is to pay for the transportation of the donated organ or body part. Organs and tissues can only be received by surgeons, hospitals, physicians and educational institutions in medical or dental research. There is also a National Organ Transplant Act of 1984 that provides funds for the establishment of organ procurement organization. The act also banned the sale of organs between states and established a task force to en force policy issues regarding organ transplantation. The following body parts can be donated in the United States. They include the heart, kidney, lungs, skin, eyes and the liver. These parts of the body get harvested as soon as one passes on and become implanted onto someone else. Despite the medical and legal mechanisms that encourage organ donation, demand exceeds supply. It gets estimated that there are daily reports of deaths of up to 8 people as a result of waiting for a transplant that never came. On medical conditions associated with each body part to be donated, it is up to the doctor to decide if the body part if fit for transplanting. Regardless of one’s illness when they die, some parts of their body may still get transplanted. Some infectious diseases, drug abuse history and general health of the donor become considered before acceptance of any donation. The lungs of a tobacco smoker may be turned down as chances of them being helpful are so minimal. To avoid suc h a scenario where body parts get rejected, it is crucial to note that an individual has to be healthy and medically fit to allow any of his body part donations. He or she should not have any history of drug use or abuses as this are contributory to rejection of a body part donation (Talbot, 2012). If one has kidney failure, he or she has to go through a process for the acquisition of a donated kidney to be transplanted. Kidney transplantation is the process where there is fixation of a healthy kidney from one person to another. The new kidney replaces the failed kidney. The process of acquisition of a transplant begins as soon as one’s kidney fails. Transplantation as a result of failure depends on one’s condition (Talbot, 2012). Some conditions make it impossible for implants. If implantation is possible, then the patient undergoes medical evaluation at the transplant center. The pre transplant process involves several weeks or even months. X-rays and blood samples g et carried out to ascertain one’s compatibility with the available donated kidneys. Evaluation of one’s health and also of the donor gets done at this stage. Once the patient passes the medical evaluation and is a suitable recipient, but without a donor, then he or she is put on a waiting list for as long as a kidney is there from a dead donor. The length of one’s wait depends on one’s location and the donor’s region (Petersen & Freckelton,2006). The length of

Critical thinking review (two books) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Critical thinking review (two books) - Essay Example Both the books have sought with a critically intensive approach to shed new light on hidden official collusion in institutionalizing what otherwise seem to be the negative power relations. The US federal government structure assumes a highly hierarchical monolithic character with a vertically distributed system of layered rungs, with each being occupied by â€Å"a bureaucrat† who is responsible to the one immediately above him. The iron triangle is a phrase used by political analysts to describe the policy-making relationship between the legislature, the bureaucracy, more often known as government agencies, and interest groups It is regularly used to refer to the military-industrial complex, with Congress (and the House and Senate Committees on Armed Services), defense contractors, and the U.S. Department of Defense forming the iron triangle. Durant in Chapter two of his book titled â€Å"Greening, National Security and the Post-modern Military†, correctly identifies the inevitable interdependent relationship among the three organs of the state mentioned above. It is this interdependence that characterizes the very nature and scope of the problem which ordinary citizens call â€Å"the environmental degradation†. Irrespective of the compositional parameters of Congressional Committees on various environmental issues, the preference was to take the beaten path, so as not to upset the existing power equilibrium among different state organs. Though some of the suggestions made by Durant to overcome this dilemma are unambiguous enough, there are too many penumbral tendencies that he brings to bear on an otherwise well researched book. For example a credible argument that he uses – â€Å"the US military is being transformed into a modern fighting machine primarily due to the fact that China in particular and Islamists in general pose a threat to US national security†- seeks to extrapolate national security concerns into the unknown

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Freedom of Marriage Essay The reasoning of any just law is meant to be rational and, moreover, fair. However, the government has failed to recognize the rights of many American citizens because they do not conform to society’s stereotypical standards. In a nation founded on freedom, have today’s citizens evolved into narrow-minded drones that bind minorities into what they believe are the â€Å"correct† moral standards? Have the basic freedoms guaranteed by our forefathers been stripped away in order to protect the strict moral codes society has placed upon itself. Same-sex marriage should be legal because it is discriminatory to deny homosexual couples the same rights as heterosexual couples. The illegalization of same-sex marriage excludes gay couples from the same financial marital benefits guaranteed to married heterosexuals. The denying of these rights is no longer a decision to be made by the U. S. government as religious beliefs are strongly imbedded in the ceremony of marriage. Contrary to common beliefs, the legalization of same-sex marriage has not degraded the traditional values associated with a marriage. The constitutional right of marriage is currently being denied to many American citizens. The actions of many have contributed to discrimination against a minority who deserve their birthright as American citizens to join in homosexual unions. Exclusion of marital benefits from homosexual couples contributes to the large financial strain of being gay. Taxation relief, family health care benefits, social security spousal benefits, and inheritance rights all lessen the financial burden on married heterosexual couples, but these benefits do not pertain to married homosexuals today. All of these benefits excluding same-sex couples lead to an exponentially higher cost of living. â€Å"In our worst case, the couple’s lifetime cost of being gay was $467,562. But the number fell to $41,196 in the best case for a couple with significantly better health insurance, plus lower taxes and other costs. † (Siegel Bernard, Lieber) The numbers represent the discriminatory effects of illegalizing homosexual marriage. â€Å"Same-sex couples, become â€Å"strangers† to the basic rights of liberty and the pursuit of happiness, and re at risk for minority stress and its health consequences. † (Riggle, Thomas, Rostosky) In a country founded on equal rights, American laws pertaining to gay marriage necessitate punishment on individuals only seeking to gain a right heterosexuals already have. Religious beliefs present the most persuasive arguments against the legalization of gay marriage. The majority of religions strictly prohibit the union of homosexual couples as the union supposedly to defile the religious ceremony of marriage. Some may recognize the validity of this argument; however, the U. S. government should not be influenced by this religious defense when considering illegality of homosexual marriage. America was founded on the belief in freedom of religion, which is why 221 years ago the first amendment to the U. S. constitution restricted the government from having any religious affiliations. The amendment stands today as the overpowering counterpoint against illegalization of gay marriage due to religious conflicts. The government does not have the right to illegalize homosexual marriage based solely on religious prohibition of the practice. Many individuals believe that same-sex marriage will increase the already high divorce rates. This belief is propelled by the misconception that the institution of marriage will be weakened by the allowance of homosexual unions thus increasing leniency of divorce. Allowing same-sex marriage will not impair family values, but will instead generate a new family dynamic. This new model of a family will not affect the traditional aspects of a family; it will simply leave the option of same-sex marriage open. The derogatory affects of same-sex marriage in society are so minimal that, â€Å"In Massachusetts, which legalized gay marriage in 2004, the divorce rate has declined by 21 percent and is the lowest in the country by some margin. The state which experienced the highest increase in its divorce rate over the period (Alaska, 17. 2 percent) also happens to be the first one to have altered its constitution to prohibit same-sex marriage in 1998. (Silver) Based on these statistics, same-sex marriage will not be detrimental to society. Those opposing gay marriage often argue that a homosexual couple’s inability to procreate is what makes them ineligible for marriage. It is obvious that is anatomically impossible for homosexual couples to reproduce, leading many to question the purpose of gay marriage if procreation is unfeasible. â€Å"Marriage was created to allow society to support heterosexual couples in procreation and society can choose not to give the same benefits to same-sex couples. (Jacobson) If marriage’s only purpose were to support reproduction, homosexual couples would have essentially no purpose for getting married. However, many successfully married heterosexual couples cannot reproduce because of incurable medical conditions. Without the ability to procreate, they would be fairly denied the right to marriage as well as homosexuals. Therefore, the argument presented is invalid because it does not address all couples without the ability to reproduce. The illegalization of same-sex marriage is to be determined by the value society places on fairness. Economically homosexual couples should receive the same compensations for being married as heterosexual couples are provided with. The resulting reimbursements would diminish financial struggles many homosexual couples encounter over the course of their lifetime. Spiritually gay couples deserve the right to freely exhibit their sexual desires without any discriminatory actions expressed by religious followers. Furthermore, the government should not consider these religious beliefs when determining the laws restricting one’s one right to participate in a homosexual marriage. Although many believe that the allowance of gay marriage will directly result in higher divorce rates, the freedom to be in a gay marriage has shown no direct correlation to divorce rates in state’s granting gay marriage. The illegalization of gay marriage is discriminatory against a minority of American citizens whose only desire is to be given the same rights as heterosexuals. The prejudice opinions opposing gay couples must be set aside in order for homosexuals to receive the benefits they fairly deserve.

Contributions of the Arrow Debreu model to financial theory

Contributions of the Arrow Debreu model to financial theory According to Elroy Dimson and Massoud Mussavian (1999), Arrow-Debreu model was developed as a model of general equilibrium that has been fundamental to economics and finance. Compared to earlier models, the Arrow-Debreu model basically generalized the notion of a commodity, differentiating commodities by time and place of delivery. For example, apples in Malaysia in July and apples in Singapore in June are considered as different commodities. Kenneth J. Arrow (1951) and Gerard Debreu (1951) work together to produce the first rigorous proof of the existence of a market clearing equilibrium, given certain restrictive assumptions. This field of research has had a profound impact not only on economic science, but also on financial markets, institutions and businesses all over the world. It often used as a general reference for other microeconomic models. As Ramu Gopalan (2008) stated, the pioneering work of Arrow and Debreu has had an enduring effect on the study of financial aspects of the economy in a general equilibrium framework. One of their key contributions is to introduce time and uncertainty into general equilibrium models. The Arrow-Debreu model was established since 1950s, many researchers had extended this model to both economics and financial economics. Although this model is criticized by various eminent economists, the dedication of this model in the history is indestructible. In this assignment, we are going to discuss the applications of Arrow-Debreu model majoring in the financial economics. The purpose of this assignment is to find out and understand more about the contributions of this model to financial theory. The applications of Arrow-Debreu model will be listed out and discussed further. Journals will be shown and summarized out in order to support our discussion. Finally, the last section in this assignment is the conclusion. 2.0 Background studies In this assignment, the applications of Arrow-Debreu model in financial economics will be discussed. But before that we have to know what the Arrow-Debreu model is. 2.1 Arrow-Debreu Model Arrow-Debreu model, also referred as Arrow-Debreu-McKenzie model (ADM model), is the fundamental model used in the General (Economic) Equilibrium Theory. It is named after its originator who are Kenneth J. Arrow (b. 1921) and Gerard Debreu (1921-2004) on Existence of an Equilibrium for a Competitive Economy as well as Lionel W. McKenzie (b. 1919). As what stated in the Farlex Financial Dictionary (2009), it says that this model is one of the most general models of competitive economy and is a crucial part of general equilibrium theory, as it can be used to prove the existence of general equilibrium (or Walrasian equilibrium) of an economy. Once we can prove the existence of such an equilibrium, it is possible to show that it is unique under certain conditions, but not in general. Furthermore, Arrow went on to extend the model to deal with the issues relating to uncertainty, stability of the equilibrium, and whether a competitive equilibrium is efficient. 2.2 Applications of Arrow-Debreu Model Arrow-Debreu model leads to a huge impact on economics and financial economics. First of all, it solves the long-standing problem of proving the existence of equilibrium in a Walrasian (competitive) system. This model analyzes the exact situations of those markets that are very competitive. In economics, Arrow-Debreu model suggests that a set of prices such as aggregate supplies will equal to aggregate demands for every commodity under certain assumptions made about the economic conditions (i.e. perfect competition and demand independence). Formulated in a purely mathematical form, the Arrow-Debreu model can be easily modified into spatial or intertemporal models with proper definition of the commodities based on the commoditys location or time of delivery. When commodities are specified to be conditional on various states of the world, the Arrow-Debreu model can easily combine expectation and uncertainty into the analysis. Besides, theoretical extensions and applications have been made to analyze financial and monetary markets and international trade, as well as other subjects. With a general equilibrium structure, the model is applicable in evaluating the overall impact on resource allocation of policy changes in areas such as taxation, tariff, and price control. Moreover, it applies to all general equilibrium models that are heavily dependent upon accurate mathematical proofs. In the field of financial economics, Arrow Debreu represents a certain kind of securities product which named as Arrow-Debreu security. This distinguished concept is a good teaching tool to understand the pricing and hedging issues in derivatives analysis. On the other hand, the Arrow-Debreu Model is also used in areas like financial engineering. But it has turned out to be very limited, especially in the multi-period or continuous markets. The model has been subject to the criticism that many of the assumptions it makes do not fit the workings of the real economy. However, the truth is that the Arrow-Debreu Model is very important for the derivative industry and helps the industry to grow at a rapid pace. 3.0 Literature Review In previous section, we have mentioned some applications of the Arrow-Debreu model both in the field of economics and financial economics. Now, the applications of this model majoring in financial economics will be discussed further. The functions of Arrow-Debreu model can be divided into six categories, asset pricing model, equity risk premium, corporate finance, Modigliani and Miller Theorem, Arrow-Debreu security and others. 3.1 Asset-pricing model From the studies, most of the Arrow-Debreu models applications are commonly used in shaping the asset-pricing model. Arrow-Debreu model was acted as an origin which gives the insight that consumption in different future states could simply view as different consumption goods according to Elroy and Massoud (1999). This result is proved and can be seen through various researchers journals. It is undeniable that the Arrow-Debreu model plays an important role in constructing the asset-pricing model. The evidences are given in following paragraphs. Based on the journal of Asset Pricing at Millennium written by John Y. Campbell (2000), he stated that theoretical and empirical developments in asset-pricing has taken place within a well establish paradigm for the last twenty years. While the well establish paradigm that he mentioned here is referred to the Arrow-Debreu model. Same as Franklin Allen (2001), he indicated that asset-pricing models are typically special cases of neoclassical Arrow-Debreu model. In the traditional Arrow-Debreu model of resource allocation, firms and households interact through markets and financial intermediaries play no role. On the other hand, the key element of the analysis in the modern version is the stochastic discount factor, which incorporates the Arrow-Debreu state prices and allows the assets to be priced. He also commented that this approach and the focus on the risk-return trade-off have allowed a rich interplay between the empirical and theoretical work. The equity premium puzzle is given as an example of special cases within the Arrow-Debreu framework in order to support his statement. Moreover, Elroy and Massoud (1999) narrated the historical development of asset pricing and derivative valuation on Three Centuries of Asst Pricing. He pointed out the success of conceptual framework that setting up the theory of asset pricing is down to Arrow (1953)s hard work. Dissatisfied with the current Arrow-Debreu framework, Arrow built up a series of contingent claims that follow the resolution of uncertainty to explain how one can achieve markets that are almost complete. Varian (1985) analyzed the impact of divergence of opinion on asset prices in an Arrow-Debreu economy. By considering the Arrow-Debreu model with agents who have different subjective probabilities, he compares and concludes the differences of opinion in an Arrow-Debreu contingent claim context. Based on his journal Divergence of Opinion in Complete Markets: A Note, three results were established. He concluded that in practice, increased dispersion of beliefs will generally be associated with the reduced asset prices in a given Arrow-Debreu equilibrium. Also, he uses this model to show that other things equal, if risk aversion does not decrease too rapidly, then assets with more dispersed opinion will have lower prices or vice versa. P. Bossaerts and C. Plott (2004) had done six financial markets experiments of testing two of the most basic propositions of modern asset pricing theory. The Arrow-Debreu model and the Sharpe-Lintner-Mossin Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM), these two theoretical models are used to be the framework of their experiments. In the end of their experiments, they discovered a swift convergence towards equilibrium prices of Arrow-Debreu model or the CAPM. This discovery is significant because they use the subjects that lacked of information to intentionally set the asset prices. Sometimes, the equilibrium is not found to be robust which clearly shows a result of deviations of subjective beliefs from objective probabilities. However, they still find the evidences that prove this does not destroy the tendency for markets to equilibrate as predicted by the theory. 3.2 Equity Risk Premium Next, the Arrow-Debreu model is applied to explain the equity risk premium. In an attempt to explain the equity risk premium, Rajnish Mehra and Edward C. Prescott (1985) developed an Arrow-Debreu asset pricing model. They found that historically the average return on equity has far exceeded the average return on short-term debt and Treasury bills. Thus, they try to use the Arrow-Debreu model to interpret this situation. In the end of the journal The Equity Premium: A Puzzle, they concluded that only those equilibrium model with friction (i.e. non-Arrow-Debreu models) will be the one that successfully explain both high equity risk premium and low risk-free returns. However, Rietz (1988) overthrew the conclusion of Mehra and Prescott (1985) in The Equity Risk Premium: A Puzzle. He mentioned that the reason for them to reject the Arrow-Debreu model is their specifications which cannot explain the high equity risk premium and low risk free returns that characterize the U.S. economy. Hence, he re-specified their model to include a low-probability, depression from a high return of compensation for the extreme losses during the market crashes, captured those possible effects from the market crashes and finally successfully proved that these crashes allow it to explain both high equity risk premium and low risk free returns without abounding the Arrow-Debreu paradigm as well as not altering their models attractive features. In the journal The Equity Risk Premium: A Solution, he explained further that it does so with reasonable degrees of time preference and risk aversion provided the crashes are apparently severe and not too unimaginable. 3.3 Corporate Finance According to Jean Tirole (2006), he specified that a substantial and important body of empirical work has provided a clearer picture of patterns of corporate financing and governance, and of their impact for firm behaviour and macroeconomic activity. One of them is the Arrow-Debreu model. During 1970s, the dominant Arrow-Debreu model of frictionless markets (presumed perfectly competitive and complete, unhampered by taxes, transaction costs, as well as informational irregularity) can prove to be a powerful tool for analyzing the pricing of claims in financial markets, but little about the firms financial choices and about their governance. Besides, in the complete market paradigm of Arrow (1951) and Debreu (1951), the financial claims returns depend on some choices such as investments, are assumed to be contractible and therefore are not affected by moral hazard. In Jean (2006)s opinion, financial markets were not plagued by problems of asymmetric information because investors agree on the distribution of a claims returns. Viewed through the Arrow-Debreu lens, he identified that the key issues for financial economists are the allocation of risk among investors and the pricing of redundant claims by arbitrage. Michael J. Brennan (1995) also clarified that the abstract simplicity of the Arrow-Debreu model yields few insights for corporate finance beyond the value additivity principle that was used to refute the conventional wisdom that conglomerate mergers will add value to the company through the corporate diversification. 3.4 Modigliani and Miller Theorem (M-M Theorem) Another application of Arrow-Debreu model is related to M-M theorem which devised by Franco Modigliani and Merton Miller (1958). This theorem explains that a firms financial structure is irrelevant under certain conditions, Arrow-Debreu environment. The value of a financial claim or a firm which equal to the sum of the values of the claims it issues is thus equal to the value of the random return of this claim or the firm computed at the Arrow-Debreu prices (the prices of state-contingent securities). Therefore, Arrow-Debreu model is used as a fundamental of economy in formulating M-M theorem. 3.5 Arrow-Debreu Security (State Contingent Claim) Mostly, Arrow-Debreu security will be the answer of the applications of this model majoring in financial economics if we searching it through the internet. Based on the journal A re-examination of the Modigliani-Miller theorem written by Joseph E. Stiglitz (1969), in a section entitled Arrow-Debreu securities, he not only showed the M-M theorem in a complete markets setting but also mentioned about the Arrow-Debreu model under uncertainty in which individual can buy or sell the promises to pay if a given state of the world occurs. This shows a direct relationship between the Arrow-Debreu model and the Arrow-Debreu security. Through the calculation, he observed that if he takes literally the Arrow-Debreu definition of a state of nature, there is undoubtedly will be more states of nature than firms and most of these states are similar with each other. An example, variation in the return on stocks can be explained by the business cycle, is given to support his statement. Robert E. Lucas (1984) analyzed the unified theories of money and finance on Money in the Theory of Finance. He examined and commented that financial and monetary theory have different objective, however, the desirable theoretical unity may be, one can identify strong forces that will continue to pull apart these two bodies of theory. He mentioned that the theory of finance is conducted almost entirely within the Arrow-Debreu contingent claim framework such as the three pillars of modern financial theory which have been reformulated in contingent claim terms. Besides, he wrote that the applications of the Arrow-Debreu contingent claim formulation of a competitive equilibrium for an economy operating through time is subjected to stochastic shocks. In the end, he concluded that the power in applications of the contingent claim point of view is obviously evident in finance, will be as usefully applied to monetary theory. One more thing that he suggested is the source of this power which is the ability of this framework to permit the reduction of the study of asset demands to the study of demands for the more fundamental attributes to which assets are claims. 3.6 Others Apart from those above categories, Arrow-Debreu Models can be used for other purpose. For instance, it acts as a fundamental to explain the pattern of trade, to formulate the fixed price equilibrium or to find out whether the financial markets are arrangements for risk-sharing. Furthermore, it is extended further to analyze the restrictions and developed further that include a sequential market model with the financial markets. One of the section in the journal Differences of opinion in financial markets written by Hal R. Varian (1989), an Arrow-Debreu contingent consumption model of the sort studied by Milgrom and Stokey (1982) was examined. Through the mathematical calculation and the analysis of the consequences for assets market equilibrium based on the Arrow-Debreu model, it ends with a similar result, prices are determined by information, but the pattern of trade is determined by differences in opinion. In order to establish the important difference for trade is the opinion, he analyzed some of its consequences for assets market equilibrium. At last, he stressed that the volume of trade in an Arrow-Debreu model is due primarily to the differences of opinion. Next is the Claus Weddepohl (1983). He discussed and addressed the development of the theory of general equilibrium during the last twenty-five years. Considering and analyzing the Arrow-Debreu model with futures markets, he showed the result that this model gives rise to temporary equilibrium models. He stated that the fixed price equilibrium models are formulated through the study of these models and the study of the stability of price adjustments. The simple fixed price equilibrium model as defined by Barro and Grossman (1971) and Malinvaud (1977) is what he emphasized in the journal Developments in the Theory of General Equilibrium. Ouattara (1994) applied the Arrow-Debreu model to the small villages in the McCarthy Island Division South (MID-South) of The Gambia to find out whether financial markets are arrangements for risk-sharing. The main objective of risk-sharing is to verify that observed consumption patterns are consistent with patterns predicted by insurance models. The Arrow-Debreu full insurance model focuses on consumption smoothing across different states of nature at each particular point in time through state-contingent contracts. In the end of his research, the results supported the hypothesis that state-contingent loans are accepted in rural Gambia and there is full risk-sharing among participants in the financial markets. Peter H. Friesen (1979) extended the Arrow-Debreu model to financial markets which include the sequential market model. It is done by dropping the contingent contracts from the Arrow Debreu model, leaving only a sequence of spot markets for commodities. This leads to an inefficient market structure but efficient for sequence of stock markets and option markets. The purpose of the journal The Arrow-Debreu Model Extended to Financial Markets is to develop further the Arrow-Debreu model. The method that he used is through the extension of Arrow (an equilibrium in one model was constructed from that of another). For example, financial securities, Arrow certificates can be constructed from options on common stock and the advantage in the general equilibrium theory of financial markets, are the proofs of using Arrows method. On the other hand, the sequential market model for which equilibrium are constructed from the Arrow-Debreu equilibrium derived in Debreu (1951). From the fact that Arrow-Debreu equilibrium exist, it follows by construction that equilibrium for this model exists. It also follows that the equilibrium is efficient. Peter (1979) stressed that such models are used both to study financial markets and to explore the effects of a gradual resolution of uncertainty. Lastly, he concluded that it not only shows the close relationship between these two models but also reminds us that the potential value of finite-horizon Arrow-Debreu models for the study of sequential economies. Investors in financial markets face several restrictions apart from wealth constraints. So, we have the right to understand the restrictions in a general competitive equilibrium. Based on the journal Contributions to Intertemporal Models in Financial Economics written by Ramu Gopala (2008), the Arrow-Debreu model was extended further for the usage of analyzing those restrictions. He indicated that the traditional Arrow-Debreu model can be extended to a more realistic setting. Following Angeloni and Cornet (2006), this extension of the Arrow-Debreu model in the multi-period setting with restricted participation is established. Arrow-Debreu model was used to elaborate, to compare, to extend and to emerge for shaping those important finance theories. 4.0 Supporting Theories In this section, the theories that are related to Arrow-Debreu model will be further discussed. Apart from that, in order to let us have a more complete picture about this model, the theories that we displayed previously will also be stated and explained, as well as deliberated further. 4.1 General Equilibrium Theory General equilibrium theory is the core of economic theory. Before the Arrow-Debreu model is established, this theory has been proposed by L. Walras (1874). As reported by Arrow and Debreu (1954), he was the one who first formulated the state of economic system at any point of time as the solution of a system of simultaneous equations representing the demand for goods by consumers, the supply of goods by producers, and the equilibrium condition that supply equal demand on every market. In other words, Walras (1874) is the pioneer who first attempts to model the price for a whole economy. Walras uses mathematics to construct a complete structure of general equilibrium theory. This research has lead to results in contribution to neoclassical economics. However, the mathematics that he used to set up the foundation of this theory was unstable due to the existence of general equilibrium does not solved in a satisfactory manner. Hence, theoretically, if he cannot prove this existence, then this theoretical system will become meaningless. General equilibrium theory is therefore developed and improved by Vilfredo Pareto (1897), John R. Hicks (1939), John Von Neumann (1937), Paul A. Samuelson (1941), Kenneth J. Arrow (1954), Gerard Debreu (1954), Lionel W. McKenzie (1954) and others, which becomes an integral part of economics. 4.2 Fundamental Theorems of Welfare Economics Before the Arrow and Debreu began their famous collaboration, both of them had proved the same theorem which is the Fundamental Theorems of Welfare Economics or First and Second Welfare Theorems. There are two fundamental theorems of welfare economics. The first theorem states that every general equilibrium involves a Pareto efficient allocation of resources under the three assumptions. The three assumptions are if there are no externalities, all agents are price-taker, and prices for each good are known to each agent. While the Pareto efficient named after Vilfredo Pareto (1897), is a type of efficiency that results if one person cannot be made better off without making someone else worse off. The First Welfare Theorem is viewed by many economists as the formalization of Smiths Invisible Hand. As Makowski and Ostroy (1995) stated, it provided a set of sufficient conditions for a price system to efficiently coordinate the economic activity. Besides, this theorem supports the case for non-intervention in ideal conditions. For instance, the outcome is said to be Pareto efficient if we let the markets to do the work. The Second Welfare Theorem says that if preferences are well-behaved (especially convex) then every Pareto efficient allocation can be supported by a general equilibrium set of prices, given a suitable reallocation of the endowment. Referring to Varian (1985), this theorem effectively said that if you think an equilibrium is unfair, just move the endowment of the economy and a different general equilibrium will be obtained. Due to the convexity, the second theorem is stronger than the first theorem. The difference between these two theorems is the second theorem requires existence of general equilibrium from all endowment points, whereas the first theorem required only that if a general equilibrium existed it was efficient. According to Michael A. S. Guth (1994), Arrow (1951) provided a rigorous proof of the connection between competitive equilibrium and Pareto optimal. Gerard Debreu (1951) introduced convex analysis methods into welfare theory and independently proved the same theorems. As a result, these theorems have an important relation to Arrow-Debreu model; the existence of solutions to a competitive equilibrium is finally solved. 4. 3 Theories in relation to the Restriction of General Competitive Equilibrium Previously, the Arrow-Debreu model was used to analyze the restrictions. In order to understand those restrictions in the general competitive equilibrium framework, tracing back those following theories is necessary for us to know how the Arrow-Debreu model was used to be compared and proved other economic theory. 4.3.1 Radner Equilibrium Roy Radner said that the Arrow-Debreu model is not originally put forward for the case of uncertainty, but a powerful device introduced by Arrow (1953), and further elaborated by Debreu (1953), enabled the theory to be reinterpreted to cover the case of uncertainty about the availability of resources and about consumption and production possibilities. Hence, he extends the Arrow-Debreu equilibrium and forms an economic concept-Radner Equilibrium. Radner (1972) is the first who considers the general equilibrium with incomplete markets. He shows that unlike the Arrow-Debreu models, the possibility of trading commodity futures for every contingency is sufficient to enable income transfers across all spots. In addition, the assumption that he made, short-sales of these contracts are limited for every agent, is a driving force in his proof of the existence of a general financial equilibrium. This can be seen as the first attempt to incorporate this idea in their asset market participation. 4.3.2 Concept of Constrained Pareto Optimality Radner Equilibrium, however, is imperfect. Oliver D. Hart (1975) uses some disturbing but perceptive counter-examples to display some of the weaknesses of Radners concept of equilibrium. He showed that existence of such an equilibrium cannot be proved under the standard Arrow-Debreu assumptions. He specified that when the asset returns are price dependent, the market sub-space may not be continuous in the spot prices which may lead to discontinuous demand functions. This reason causes a failure of the existence of Radner equilibrium. In other words, an equilibrium may not be Pareto efficient in the case of incomplete markets which shapes the concept of Constrained Pareto Optimality. 4.4 Limitations of Arrow-Debreu Model Although the Arrow-Debreu model has many influences on either economics or finance, however, there are the limitations. There are three limitations of Arrow-Debreu model. In this model, it excludes the trade in shares of firms because the stock certificate is not an Arrow-Debreu commodity. When the descriptions are so precise that further refinements cannot yield imaginable allocations which increase the satisfaction of the agents in the economy, then the commodities are called Arrow-Debreu commodity. Trading in shares of firms cannot be classified as Arrow-Debreu commodity due to its possession entitles the owner to additional commodity which he need not obtain through exchange. Bankruptcy is not allowed in Arrow-Debreu equilibrium. All agents must meet their budget constraints. In a game theoretic formulation of equilibrium, it is achieved by enforcing an infinite bankruptcy penalty. Since every Arrow-Debreu equilibrium is Pareto efficient, there would be no benefit in reducing the bankruptcy penalty to the point where someone might choose to go bankrupt. Money does not appear in this model. Although the reasons for the existence of money in real life are already taken care of in the Arrow-Debreu model, money does not affect the allocations of commodities. Therefore, there is no point in making the role of money explicit in the Arrow-Debreu model. 5.0 Conclusion In fact, Arrow-Debreu model is not simultaneously created by K.J. Arrow and Gerard Debreu. Debreu is the one who extends further the Arrows pure exchange model in several important ways. Their contribution in formulating Arrow-Debreu model has laid a foundation for economic theory. The application of Arrow-Debreu model emphasizes more on the general competitive equilibrium framework of the economics. From the studies, we notice that most of its application majoring in the financial economics is act as a fundamental theory or economy in shaping the asset pricing model. Other functions like analyzing the market structure, risk and etc, also show that the usefulness of this model. Besides, it is applicable in evaluating the impact of all uncertainties with a general equilibrium structure. The analyzers use a series of mathematical equation to prove their statements. The pioneering contributions of Arrow and Debreu have forever changed the way economic theorists formulate uncertainty models.   After more than forty years of analysis and extensions, their general equilibrium framework and approach continues to be the starting point for new theories on the operation of competitive markets under uncertainty. As a conclusion, it is undeniable that the Arrow-Debreu model had turn on a new leaf in the history of economics. It is the modern concept of general equilibrium in economics which indirectly set up several important theories. Nothing is perfect in this world. Of course, Arrow-Debreu model as well. Some assumptions have to be made. Criticism also may happen. However, those brilliant economists or researchers still can use this model to formulate their own theory and then ends up with a perfect ultimate theory in both economics and finance. Lastly, mistakes, problems, and weaknesses should be pointed out, corrected and improved so that Arrow-Debreu model can be applied and developed effectively.